Glossary

 

 Cinerama

Glossary:

1.      180 Degree Rule- You have two people talking with one on the right and the other on the left side. You dissect a line right down the middle of them both so the one on the right you only see their right profile and the one left you only see their left side. You can make a wide side putting both of these profiles into view but you can’t go out of the 180 circle that you have created. If you were to break this rule, then, you would completely change the space of the scene. It would make you think that both characters are suddenly on the same side. A character can’t suddenly be on one side of the screen and then on another, unless you are doing a dream sequence or something.

2.      1st Unit- The director and main crew on a film set.

3.      24fps- Most movies contain film that moves 24 frames per second. This is considered the best speed for your eye and brain to react to moving images.

4.      2nd Unit- The second unit can be the stunt team shooting their scenes on their own with the deputy director. Another example would be the deputy director shooting b-roll or establishing shots.

5.      3 Act Structure- A movie that has a beginning, middle, and end is a three act structure. In many movies the characters are introduced in the first act. The second act is the characters facing some sort of struggle. The third act houses the climax and resolution.

6.      3 Shots- There are three shots: long (aka wide), medium, close. A long shot would be the whole person in the frame. Medium shots can be half the person. A close-up can be just the face of a person. In a low budget movie, these are the three shots you shoot and then move on to another scene.

7.      30 Degree Rule- You need to place two cameras within 30 degrees of each other and cut between those two cameras during filming, if you move a camera over 30 degree from another camera then it becomes disorienting to the eye and moves into jump cut territory.

8.      48fps- Peter Jackson tried to do this with his Hobbit franchise but it failed due to many being disoriented by it.

9.      4K- A digital image that uses up to 4,000 pixels. It is the sharpest image technology has.

10.  4th Wall- You can segment your body into four parts: your back side, your left side, your right side, and your front side. The same can be said about the space in a given scene. The camera sits in what is called the fourth wall. Usually, you never want to break this wall. It is a barrier between you and the movie. ‘Breaking the 4th wall’ is when something or someone in a frame breaks the suspension of disbelief. It’s almost always in comedies when an actor speaks or looks directly toward the audience to tell a joke or give a wink to the audience.

11.  5 Act Structure- A movie that has some kind of prologue. Then, the beginning, middle, and end happen. After that, an epilogue (or coda) happens.

12.  7 Basic Conflicts- An old saying is that there are only a few basic plot structures: man vs man, man vs nature, man vs society, man vs technology, man vs the self, man vs fate, and man vs supernatural.

13.  ‘A’ Plot- This is the main plot.

14.  Absolute Film (1921 - 1925)- A German movement that wanted to push the meaning of absurdism to its fullest. These movies use no actors but instead are shapes and images in motion. Key directors: Hans Richter, Walter Ruthmann, Oskar Fischinger, Viking Eggeling

15.  Absurdism- Absurdism is anything that is irrational and factitious.

16.  Acid Western- A western that has all of its tropes turned on its head. Can be filled with surrealism, allusions to works of literature, critiques of the ‘American Dream’, have anti-climaxes, and/or having the ‘hero’ fail at the end. El Topo, Dead Man, and McCabe & Mrs. Miller belong in this western subgenre.

17.  Action- It is what the director says to start a take.

18.  Adaptation- A movie that is based on something.

19.  ADR- Automated dialogue replacement is a re-recording of sound or dialogue. It’s mostly done in America to censor profanity during primetime.

20.  Aerial Shot- A camera is up in the sky to get a wide shot.

21.  After Credit Scene- A scene played after the end credits of a movie. This was rarely used for the first 100 years of cinema but is now the standard for blockbusters such as the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

22.  AFTRA- American Federation of Television and Radio Artists is a union. It is now part of SAG.

23.  Agent- An agent is a person who finds work for an actor/actress.

24.  Alan Smithee- When a director is unsatisfied with the movie they have just made, they take-off their name and put “Alan Smithee” in the credits, instead.

25.  Ambient Light/Sound- Any light or sound that was not added by the film crew: street lamps, car sounds from the road, the sun, etc.

26.  American Independent Film- Any movie that is made without one of the big Hollywood studios belongs to this. Some say “indie”. Few did this until John Cassavetes directed Shadows in 1959 because he thought he could direct a better movie about race than Hollywood, so, he raised the money himself. This kickstarted a bunch of movements and helped bring down the Golden Age of Hollywood. In the late 1980s, Hollywood studios created smaller offshoot for indie movies. Steven Soderbergh and Quentin Tarantino got their start this way.

27.  Anamorphic- It is a transformed image.

28.  Antagonist- The antagonist is the character that impedes the protagonist. Usually is the ‘villain’ of the story.

29.  Anthology Film- A group of shorts linked together with the same themes or ideas in one movie. It was very, popular in France and Italy in the 60s and 70s.

30.  Anti-Climax- When the tension builds and the resolution doesn’t happen or the resolution is something mundane.

31.  Apple Box- A box that an actor stands on during a take.

32.  Arc Shot- An arc shot is when the camera moves around in a circle.

33.  Archetype- A character type that is very common. ‘Heroes’ and ‘villains’ are examples.

34.  Art For Art's Sake- It is when you create something just for yourself. What you created doesn’t take on any other meaning because no one else sees it. Some say this is art in its ‘truest’ form.

35.  Art Vs Artist- Can you separate an artists’ views enough for you to enjoy what they have created? Can you even put money in their pocket? There is no right or wrong answer. It is up to you.

36.  Arthouse- This term tends to be used snobbishly. Arthouse movies are non-big budget movies.

37.  Artificial Light- Any source of light that doesn’t come from nature.

38.  Aside- Used more in theatre but it’s when a character speaks or looks directly to the audience. Deadpool and Ferris Bueller love to do this.

39.  Aspect Ratio- An aspect ratio tells us the width and height of an image. The aspect ratio of 1:33 (aka 4:3) was the most standard for TVs until TVs began to use widescreen, which widescreen’s is 16:9.

40.  Assembly Cut- This is the first cut of a movie. Every scene that was shot is laid-out according to how it is in the screenplay. This is almost always edited down so scenes flow smoother.

41.  Audience Surrogate- A character that asks questions about a certain subject so they can understand it. They ask the questions to fill the audience on what is happening. The companions in Doctor Who fill this role. Elliot Page’s character in Inception does this, as well.

42.  Australian New Wave (1970s - 1980s)- Thanks to the Australian Film, Television, and Radio School (AFTRS), Australia was finally able to have their own film industry. A wide range of movies were made. Ozploitation is a subset of this movement. Key directors: Peter Weir, Gillian Armstrong, George Miller, Bruce Beresford, Philip Noyce, Fred Schepisi

43.  Auteur- An, often, misunderstood theory thought-up by François Truffaut after he watched all of these American movies at the Cinémathèque and realized that many directors had distinctive styles. It’s French for “author” and says that the director has the main vision for the finished product in mind. You know it’s Hitchcock right away due to the suspense. A criticism is that film is a collaborative process. This theory states that the director is the main author but doesn’t diminish all of the help that the director needs. Now, not every director would follow this theory (and that doesn’t make them bad filmmakers). There are ones that set out to make a completely new thing every time. Louis Malle has no recurring style.

44.  Auto Focus- An option in a camera that allow you to film something perfectly without blur.

45.  Avant-Garde- It’s French and in English it’s translated to “vanguard” meaning an army that goes forward. At its most basic, this term means to make something that is outside of the norm for the time that its created. The creator wants to push the envelope.

46.  Avant-Garde/Dadaist/Surrealist Movement (mid-1920s - mid-1930s)- While Cinéma Pur was just in France, this was all over western Europe. These directors renounced the narrative structures of film and created experimental works. They were very much into using the subconscious in creating dream worlds. Key directors: Man Ray, René Clair, Luis Buñuel, Jean Cocteau, Germaine Dulac

47.  ‘B’ Plot- The secondary plot that takes a back seat to the main one and may tie into the main one along the way. It can be called the ‘sub’ plot.

48.  B-Movies- A movie that doesn’t have a big budget.

49.  B-Roll- They tend to be supplementary footage to be used as establishing shots for example.

50.  Back To 1- Your ‘1’ is the point you start from when a take starts. After a take is finished you may have to go back to your original position for a retake.

51.  Backdoor Pilot- When you suddenly see a newer character or secondary character heavily featured and the main characters take a back seat, the network is seeing if the audience watching will be interested in a series with these new characters enough to create a pilot for them and, maybe, their own show.

52.  Backdrop- Any scenery that is in the back of a scene is the backdrop.

53.  Background- Anything in the back of the frame is the background.

54.  Backlighting- The light is placed in the background. The main focus of the shot is then placed in-front of the light so it looks like it is glowing.

55.  Backlot- Any built stages that are outside.

56.  Backstory- The backstory of a character fills us in on that character’s past.

57.  Barcelona School (1960s)- Catalans made experimental movies to show how they really felt about Francisco Franco. Key directors: Vicente Aranda, Joaquim Jordà

58.  Based On A True Story- A movie that is based on an actual person or event. Just because it gets this tag attached to it doesn’t mean any of it is factual.

59.  Bathos- Bathos is sudden overdone sentimentality.

60.  Bechdel Test- This is named after the author, Alison Bechdel. It is a statement about the domination of men in film and how women should be given more (and better written) characters to play. Bechdel created this in a comic strip when one character says that she only sees movies that have at least two named women who talk about things besides men.

61.  Berlin School (mid-1990s - present)- Berliner Schule is a loose German movement that has its directors mostly making socio-political stories. These directors aren’t afraid of their movies not making money, they just wanted to tell German stories since they are free from the Iron Curtain. Key directors: Christian Petzold, An-gela Schanelec, Thomas Arslan, Maren Ade

62.  Best Boy- The best boy is the gaffer’s or key grip’s assistant.

63.  Betamax- A video cassette that was superior in quality of image and sound to VHS but failed due to the VHS being cheaper to mass produce porn.

64.  Biker- This subgenre of rebels going against social norms was popular in the New Hollywood and Ozploitation movements. Both movements took influence from the Marlon Brando movie, The Wild One.

65.  Billing- The people who worked on the movie that you see in the credits or poster.

66.  Birds-Eye View- When the camera views from the sky.

67.  Bit Part- An actor who is in the movie for a short amount of time.

68.  Black Comedy- A comedy that makes light of something that is taboo or a tragic event.

69.  Blacklisting- A decision made by a group of people to deny a person work at a certain place. McCarthyism in the 1950s led a lot of people be blacklisted because the US government thought they were spies or communists.

70.  Blaxploitation (1970s)- Studios tried (tried is the key word) to break stereotypes by making B-movies that had African-American leads. A lot of the movies had extreme violence, sex, nudity, drugs, and crime that still pointed toward stereotypes but directors like Melvin Van Peebles and Gordon Parks made sure to steer away from those and had realistic themes. A lot of these movies had soul and funk songs used. Key directors: Melvin Van Peebles, Gordon Parks, Jack Hill

71.  Blockbusters- A type of movie that becomes highly popular. There were movies that made a lot of movies before Jaws but that movie completely changed the landscape for the movie schedule. We still have a whole season of blockbuster movies thanks to Jaws. It comes from people being lined-up down the block waiting to buy a ticket.

72.  Blocking- Blocking is the act of organizing how to shoot a scene and how to move the actors within a scene.

73.  Blooper- A take that has ended in failure. Funny ones are sometimes attached during the credits of comedies.

74.  Blu-ray- Digital discs that were created by Sony. They hold more capacity than that of a DVD.

75.  Blue Screen- A blue screen is a background sheet in a scene that renders images darker than a green screen because green reflects more light off of itself than blue. Blue screens are used more for showing ships in space and nighttime scenes.

76.  Body Double- When an actor can’t do a reshoot or doesn’t want to do a screen, a body double is brought in to do the screen. A lot of actors use body double for nudity.

77.  Bollywood- Any movie made in the Hindi language of India is called Bollywood. This is the biggest film industry in the world (yes, better than Hollywood by a wide margin). The name is a combination of Bombay and Hollywood. Urdu and English languages are used in these movies, as well.

78.  Boom Mic- A boom microphone is a round mic that is held over people to pick-up sound. The round mic is attached to a rod that a crew member holds and that is attached to a wire that is fed into the audio machine.

79.  Bottle Episode- To save money, TV shows will have actors stay in one room for the whole episode.

80.  Bounce Board- A bounce board is a white material that is used to reflect light for a shot.

81.  Bourekas (1960s - 1970s)- Israel had a movement that blended melodrama with low-brow comedy. They are not well liked, today, since they used offensive stereotypes. Key directors: Boaz Davidson, Menahem Golan, Ze’ev Revach

82.  Box Office- The box office is where you buy the ticket. The amount a movie makes gets put on a box office list.

83.  Brat Pack- A play on the “Rat Pack” name. Most actors that were teenagers during the 80s were given this title. John Hughes movies and St. Elmo’s Fire were the most famous and dealt with the issues that Generation X had to deal with.

84.  Brechtian- Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) was a German playwright. His most famous work was the musical, The Threepenny Opera, which was made with his partner, Kurt Weill. The Brechtian technique uses the alienation effect (aka distancing effect) of always breaking the fourth wall, words on posters in the background, songs, and/or direct address. It really doesn’t want there to be a suspension of disbelief. The audience plays a role while watching and it wants them to think about the themes and questions being asked about real events. The Brechtian technique can be popularizing due to the techniques used that don’t lend an emotional connection to the characters in the story because it is somewhat of a social lecture. Lars von Trier and Jean-Luc Godard are some its biggest fans.

85.  Bridging Shot- A bridging shot (or connecting shot) is used to show a character going to some place by way of maps or newspaper. Raiders of the Lost Ark does this to show when Indy is on a plane and going to another place.

86.  Brighton School (1896 - 1910)- One of the earliest movements started in Brighton, England. These directors took what the Lumière Brothers did and experimented with new techniques. They were innovative in close-ups, narrative, editing, and panning the camera. Key directors: George Albert Smith, James Williamson, Esme Collings

87.  Brit Pack- The mini-British Invasion of young talent in the 80s. Britain wanted their version of the “Brat Pack”. Think of Colin Firth, Gary Oldman, and Tim Roth.

88.  British Documentary (1930 - 1950)- The British saw what Robert Flaherty could do with documentaries, so, they made their own about various topics. Key directors: Humphrey Jennings, John Grierson, Basil Wright

89.  British New Wave (late-1950s - 1960s)- It is, also, called “Kitchen Sink Realism” due to its themes of domestic life. It, famously, used the trope of the ‘angry young man’ where the main characters are ne’er-do-well womanizers who hate being working class people. Some of these characters turn to crime while others try in a fruitless attempt to escape their fate. The style of this movement was akin to a docudrama-like look. Key directors: Tony Richardson, Lindsay Anderson, Bryan Forbes, John Schlesinger, Karel Reisz

90.  Budget- It is the amount agreed upon that goes into making a movie.

91.  Bumper- A bumper is the logo of a studio that is present before the movie starts, such as the MGM lion.

92.  Call Schedule- Crew heads and casting agencies call the people working the next day to let them know what time to be at work and if they need anything to bring with them.

93.  Call Sheet- The people who are working that day are listed on a sheet of paper.

94.  Camcorder- Camcorders allowed you to record and film onto a cassette tape. They were very popular in the 80s and 90s.

95.  Cameo- A cameo is when an established character from another piece of work or a famous celeb makes an appearance for only a few seconds in a movie.

96.  Camera Abuse- Camera abuse is when an actor touches the camera. It can, also, be when liquid gets on the camera lens, such as blood or water.

97.  Camera Angle- The location of where the camera is placed is its angle.

98.  Camera Operator- They are the person who moves the camera.

99.  Camera Shutter- A shutter is located at the front of the lens and is there for you to adjust how much light you want for a shot.

100.                      Camp/Campy- When a movie/TV show is done in a very exaggerated way. Think of the 60s Batman and Showgirls.

101.                      Canuxploitation (1970s - 1980s)- This was when the crazy Canucks made ultra-low budget genre style movies. David Cronenberg started in this.

102.                      Cashiers du Cinéma- It is a French film magazine. Many of the French New Wave directors wrote for it before and during the movement.

103.                      Casting Agency- Casting Agencies get casting information from studios and put out the word for actors and extras they need for parts. Actors audition for parts at these places.

104.                      Casting Director- They are the heads of casting agencies.

105.                      Catharsis- It’s the liberation of tension.

106.                      Cel- It’s short for celluloid. It’s the plastic transparent that animators draw on.

107.                      Central Casting- The biggest casting agency in America.

108.                      Cerebral- A movie that takes thought to understand.

109.                      CGI- Computer Generated Imageries are any special effects created using technology.

110.                      Character Actor- The “that guy/girl” that always appears in a movie for a few minutes. They tend to play off of their persona and tend to be typecast with how they look. Think of Ward Bond and J.K. Simmons.

111.                      Character Arc- The changing of a character’s values is their arc.

112.                      Character Development- Making a character confront their goals in life through conflict is an example of character development.

113.                      Character Study- The story is led by the main character. The plot takes a backseat. Think of Taxi Driver.

114.                      Check the Gate- This is said after a scene is finished being shot. The camera operator will look to see if anything happened to the film while shooting, such as a hair being in the camera or if too much light was in the camera. It is not done much anymore since everything is turning digital.

115.                      Chekhov’s Gun- Named after the Russian playwright, Anton Chekhov, and it’s a term that says every set-up better have a pay-off. If you put a gun in your story, it better go off.

116.                      Chiaroscuro- Italian for “light” and “dark”. It says that you need a contrast between the two in your art.

117.                      Chick Flick- A pretty, sexist term used for movies that have themes of love and romance. They tend to be marketed toward women.

118.                      Chinese 1st Generation (aka Golden Age) (1920s - 1945)- Was a movement that had a left-wing tilt. The Goddess is the most popular of this generation.

119.                      Chinese 2nd Generation (aka Second Golden Age) (1945 - 1949)- A very, short era where movies dealt with the aftermath of World War II.

120.                      Chinese 3rd Generation (aka Communist Era) (1950 - 1965)- This era was when China had a high amount of propaganda.

121.                      Chinese 4th Generation (aka Cultural Revolution) (1966 – early-1980s)- Not much was made during this time. Almost everything was banned and censored.

122.                      Chinese 5th Generation (1983 - 1988)- China began being less censored and let a film school be opened in the late-70s. The graduates all started this movement. These movies dared to see China’s past and present in a non-glamorous light. Many of these directors took influence from Western cinema and hated the socialist realism of the past movements. Each director brought different themes into their work but they all really used vivid colors to teach audiences about the world. The movement came to end with the Tienanmen Square massacre. Key directors: Zhang Yimou, Chen Kaige, Tian Zhuangzhuang

123.                      Chinese 6th Generation (1989 – early-2000s)- A new group of film graduates emerged as new policies were happening as a result of the Tienanmen Square massacre. These directors took influence from Neorealism and Direct Cinema to show what life was like for young people in the changing society that was turning toward a more capitalist one. They tended to use amateur actors to show the ennui of everyday life. They moved away from the melodramatic movies of the 5th Generation to a more docudrama style. Key directors: Jia Zhangke, Zhang Yuan, Lou Ye, Wang Xiaoshuai

124.                      Chinese Indie Movement (mid-2000s - present)- Also known as the 7th Generation or Post-6th Generation, these movies are ultra-low budget. They tend to be within the docudrama genre. They show what everyday life is like for people living in China and its social norms. Oxhide, An Elephant Sitting Still, and Ying Liang’s work are examples of this movement. These movies tend to shown outside of China for fear of censorship and prosecution.

125.                      Chinese New Documentary Movement (1988 – mid-2010s)- These documentaries (which tend to be on the longer side) show everyday life in rural and urban areas. They tend to deal with the same themes of the Chinese Indie Movement but are documentaries. Wang Bing’s work shows what life is like for field workers, people trying to find work, the effect that work has on families, and the past vs future of China.

126.                      Cigarette Burns- Since a reel can only hold a few minutes of film, a projectionist has to change a reel to continue the movie. The circles that you see in older movies in the upper-right corner every once in a while are these to show when the reel has been changed.

127.                      Cinema Novo (Brazil) (early-1950s - late-1970s)- “New Cinema” in English. Portugal and Brazil both had movements named the same thing, so, don’t be confused. This was influenced by Neorealism and Soviet Montage. It had themes on the economic depression of Brazil, equality, class struggle, and rationalism. Movies had little budgets with amateur actors and used lo-fi equipment. Key directors: Glauber Rocha, Carlos Diegues, Nelson Pereira dos Santos, Joaquim Pedro de Andrade

128.                      Cinema Novo (Portugal) (1960s - 1974)- “New Cinema” in English. Portugal and Brazil both had movement called this, so, don’t be confused. The Neorealism influence was felt in this movement. Many of these movies criticized the Salazar regime. It ended with the Carnation Revolution. Key directors: Fernando Lopos, Paulo Rocha, Ernesto de Sousa

129.                      Cinema of Moral Anxiety (1970s - 1981)- A Polish movement that took a look at the political climate of Poland at that time, as well as what everyday life was like then. This movement stopped when Poland instituted a martial law. Key directors: Krzysztof Kieślowski, Agnieszka Holland, Andrzej Wajda

130.                      Cinema of Transgression (1984 – early-1990s)- Formed out of the ashes of No Wave and was an extreme version of No Wave. These directors used graphic violent to create shorts on lo-fi equipment to just shock people. Key directors: Richard Kern, Nick Zedd

131.                      Cinema Politico Italiano (1960s - 1970s)- This movement dealt with the aftermath of WWII, the mafia becoming prevalent, conflict of interests with politicians and police, and terrorism. Key directors: Elio Petri, Francesco Rosi, Gillo Pontecorvo

132.                      CinemaScope- This was used in the late-50s to the mid-60s to have movies in an aspect ratio of 2.35:1.

133.                      Cinematographer- The cinematographer is responsible for the lighting of the movie. They are, also, known as the director of photography

134.                      Cinerama- A widescreen technique that uses three cameras to shoot at the same time and then have the shots projected on a semi-circle-like screen in a movie theatre so the audience is almost surrounded by the screens. How the West Was Won utilizes this.

135.                      Cinéma du look (1981 - 1992)- A French movement that some say is ‘style over substance’ and post-modern. The directors of this movement really wanted their movies to look like music videos and fashion shows with bright colors, stylized lighting, and the most 80s clothes you’ll ever see. That’s not to say that this movement didn’t have themes, it did. Themes of young people in failing relationships, going against authority, and estrangement are prevalent. Key directors: Jean-Jacques Beineix, Luc Besson, Leos Carax

136.                      Cinéma Pur (1923 - 1931)- “Pure Cinema” in English. These French directors mixed Dadaism with Impressionism to create low fantasy without narratives. Key directors: Jean Epstein, René Clair, Germaine Dulac, Man Ray

137.                      Cinéma Vérité- The style and movement means “true cinema” in English. It almost always a documentary style that has no voiceover and or narrative. The directors let the images do the talking without letting their views get in the way. Maysles Brothers and Frederick Wiseman use this.

138.                      Cinémathèque Française- This archive was founded by Henri Langlois in the 1930s to preserve movies. The French New Wave directors would spend their youth living in this place.

139.                      Claymation- The process of using clay for animation.

140.                      Cliché- A cliché is something that has been so overdone that people have come to hate it.

141.                      Cliffhanger- The end of a movie or episode that doesn’t have an ending or has a surprise.

142.                      Climax- The climax is the final confrontation of the protagonist against the antagonist.

143.                      Coda- A coda is an epilogue that doesn’t really add anything. Probably the most famous one is in Star Wars: A New Hope when the heroes get their medals.

144.                      Cold Open- The movie or show starts without credits.

145.                      Color Grading- The process of using computer effects to change the color of a scene from the way it was originally shot. Zack Snyder loves to do this.

146.                      Colorization- This is the practice of adding color to a finished black and white work.

147.                      Comic Relief- Someone or something that is used to alleviate tension.

148.                      Coming-Of-Age Film- A movie dealing with the growing pains of youth.

149.                      Commedia all'italiana (late-1950s – early-1980s)- “Comedy in the Italian way” in English. These were popular comedies in Italy. Some took on taboo subjects like the sexist laws that were in place.

150.                      Composition- A composition of a shot deals with how everything is placed.

151.                      Conflict- A conflict is some type of struggle.

152.                      Continuity- Continuity is the process of trying to show every detail the same from take to take or shot to shot.

153.                      Craft Service- They make yummy food for the cast and crew.

154.                      Crane Shot- A camera is attached to a crane so it can take a variety of shots from overhead to zooming from the sky to a close-up of a face.

155.                      Credits- Anyone who has worked on a movie keeps their name in the movie with what they did on it. All credits were at the opening of a movie until around the mid-60s when they moved to the back. No one really knows what made the shift change but it did occur at the start of the New Hollywood movement.

156.                      Crew- The crew is equal to that of the actors and is anyone who works behind the camera.

157.                      Cropping- Cropping an image is when you edit it.

158.                      Cross-Cutting- When two or more scenes are being intercut with one another.

159.                      Cross-Fade- An editing trick. When one scene is finished, a new sound is heard as the next scene starts to become visible.

160.                      CSA- The Casting Society of America is a union for casting directors.

161.                      Cue Card- Cue cards are words written on large pieces of paper that a crew member holds behind the camera so that the person in-front of the camera remembers what to say.

162.                      Cue- The moment to come on the camera and act is your cue.

163.                      Cut- It is said by the director to end a take. It can, also, mean what edit of a film you are watching.

164.                      Cutaway- When an edit is made to break away from the continuity of a scene.

165.                      Czechoslovakian New Wave (1960s – early-1970s)- These directors didn’t like the realism of the generation before them. They used surrealism, dark humor, and absurdism to get their ideas across to viewers. The directors all hated the communism of the day and put their hatred for it in all of their work. The Prague Spring made some of the directors move to different countries and this led to the end of the movement. Key directors: Miloš Forman, Věra Chytilová, Ivan Passer, Jaromil Jireš, Jiří Menzel, Jan Němec

166.                      Dadaism- Dadaism was more of an art form but it did have a short term in film with people like Man Ray. Dadaists wanted anything to be art and rejected the norms of the time. Marcel Duchamp famously just put words on a urinal and called it art.

167.                      Dailies- Dailies and rushes are the same thing. It is the film that has just been shot.

168.                      Deep Focus- You have a wide shot with something in the foreground, middle, and background.

169.                      Denouement- It is another name for the finale of a movie.

170.                      Deus Ex Machina- Latin for “deity in the machine”, which has been turned into “ghost in the machine”. Deus ex machine happens during a climax and it is something that comes out of nowhere to save the hero. Toy Story 3 has quite a literal version of this.

171.                      DGA- The Director’s Guild of America is a union.

172.                      Diegetic Sound- Any sound that is picked-up by camera during production is diegetic. Any sound that is added in post-production is non-diegetic.

173.                      Diffusion- Diffusion is the softening of light.

174.                      Direct Cinema (1958 - 1962)- These directors used the cinéma vérité technique to observe events and people without voiceovers in this documentary movement. These directors just let the events and people being observed speak for themselves. Key directors: Jean Rouch, Maysles Brothers, Robert Drew, D.A. Pennebaker, Richard Leacock

175.                      Disaster (1970s)- Action movies where a massive cast must stop something from happening on a plane, in a building, or on Earth as in Earthquake. This subgenre was parodied in Airplane!.

176.                      Disney’s Dark Period (1968 - 1988)- When Walt Disney died in 1966, the studio really hit a wall and almost went bankrupt in the early-80s when The Black Cauldron flopped. These movies didn’t tend to have princesses and fantasy but, instead, many had talking animals as the main characters. Many criticized these movies for not being very imaginative. The studio did reuse many backgrounds time and time again to save money. The era got its time from the newer animation style of drawing onto cells that made drawing have pronounced black lines.

177.                      Disney’s Renaissance (1989 - 1999)- After Disney almost went bankrupt, they went through a reshuffling of studio heads. They saw somewhat of a success with The Great Mouse Detective and Oliver and Company, so, they used their new wealth to fund a new animated musical called The Little Mermaid. When that movie came out in 1989, it started several years of Disney being a powerhouse in entertainment. Tarzan is the last movie in this renaissance.

178.                      Dissolve- When one image fades into another.

179.                      Distribution- The people who make the movie available.

180.                      Docudrama- The combination of documentary and drama elements are used in this genre.

181.                      Dogme 95 (1995 - mid-2000s)- In 1995, two Danish directors (Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg) created their own manifesto of filmmaking because they weren’t satisfied by what was being produced by the Danish film industry. In it, they outlined rules they would follow. Some rules were to always use handheld cameras, never credit the director, shoot on 35mm film, the movie must be set in the present, it must be in color, and have no use of sound stages. They never really adhered to all of the rules and were breaking a few while filming. They have since abandoned it.

182.                      Dolby Sound- Dolby sound is a type of surround sound.

183.                      Dolly Zoom- The camera moves back while it zooms in on an image or vice versa.

184.                      Dolly- A dolly is a wheeled track that the camera gets put on so that a non-static shot can happen.

185.                      Double Exposure- When you put two or more images together to create a single image is double exposure.

186.                      Dubbing- The practice of taking out the original voices and replacing them. It is done to replace the original voices with ones that are in a different language.

187.                      Dutch Angle- The term probably got its name from its use in early German cinema. Since Americans often mix-up ‘Dutch’ and ‘Deutsch’, this is likely why it got to be known by this term. It’s the practice of tilting the camera so that the vertical lines aren’t parallel. You can, also, do this by tilting the horizontal lines.

188.                      DVD- Digital versatile discs don’t have to be rewound like a VHS! It stores things in a digital format rather than the analog VHS. DVDs last larger than VHS and hold more data.

189.                      DVR- A digital video recorder can record anything off a TV.

190.                      Easter Egg- An easter egg is something from an established work that is hidden in a movie.

191.                      Egyptian Golden Age (1940s - 1960s)- Directors tried all they could to make movies under the heavy political atmosphere of the time and it, mostly, paid off with Egypt being the most successful with the Arab-speaking world in cinema. Key directors: Youssef Chahine, Henry Barakat, Hussein Kamal

192.                      Ellipsis- An ellipsis is when a part of an event is left out for the audience to fill in what happened.

193.                      Epic- Movies that rely on grand sets, extravagant costumes, lots of extras, lots of wide shots, and larger than life heroes are epics. They tend to be on the longer side and, often, have intermissions.

194.                      Equity- Equity is a theatre union in America. In the UK, it handles everything in entertainment.

195.                      Establishing Shot- A shot of a location to let the audience know where the movie is taking place at that moment.

196.                      Everyman- This is an archetype where the main character is a normal working-class person that is a stand-in for the audience. Jimmy Stewart’s whole career is based on this.

197.                      Executive Producer Vs Producer- The executive producer deals with the budget and has the final say over everything. The producer is below them and they, actually, go to the set to see if they are keeping to the schedule and budget.

198.                      Exotic Thrillers- A subgenre where people who really shouldn’t have relationships or trysts find themselves in some kind of trouble. This subgenre was popular in the 80s and 90s. This had lots of sex and nudity.

199.                      Exploitation- A movie that takes something that is seen as taboo and uses it to attract discussion.

200.                      Exposition- Any information about the world of the movie that the audience needs to know is the exposition.

201.                      Extra- Non-principal actors that fill in a scene to make the scene feel real.

202.                      Eye-Line- The camera (when filming a face), usually, has to put the actors face in the frame for the audience to know where the actor is looking.

203.                      Fade- When an image slowly comes in is called a fade-in or a fade-out.

204.                      Falling Action- The falling action is the moment right after the climax when everything has been set-up and paid-off right before the resolution comes.

205.                      Farce- Uses more slapstick humor and ludicrous situations than satire and is, usually, without a target of ridicule. The National Lampoon movies are like this.

206.                      Fast-Cutting- Several brief shots are edited together to appear as if they flash quickly before your eyes.

207.                      Femme Fatale- French for “fatale woman”, this trope is used in film noir. The female character uses other characters to get something.

208.                      Fill Light- These lights are used for contrasting purposes during shooting.

209.                      Filler- A filler episode doesn’t move anything forward. It’s just its own contained piece of art.

210.                      Film Grain- If you see white specks on a film, that’s the grain. You see them a lot in black and white movies.

211.                      Film Negative- A film negative has the light zapped from it. When you let light pass through negative film, it becomes positive. A positive print is what you see at the movies.

212.                      Film Noir- Film noir started, arguably, with The Maltese Falcon in 1941. Since WWII was going on in Europe, not many American movies were being shown during that time there. Once the war was over,  Europe started to catch-up on the movies they missed and they saw this new subgenre that dealt with the underworld, crime, corruption, women seducing men, low-angles, anti-heroes, and lots of shadows, there reaction was to call it “black”. This was a very, popular subgenre for about two decades. Touch of Evil is considered the last one during the Golden Age of Hollywood, which came out in 1958.

213.                      Film Stock- Before digital became the norm, you had to buy film to use in a camera and this is called the stock.

214.                      Filters- Filters change the color or light while shooting.

215.                      Finnish New Wave (1960s - 1970s)- This was influenced by the French New Wave and Socialist Realism with a dash of the absurd. Key directors: Risto Jarva, Mikko Niskanen, Pertti Pasanen

216.                      Fisheye Lens- When you create a wide shot in a circle that is somewhat distorted.

217.                      Flashback- A scene that takes place in the past.

218.                      Flop- A movie that didn’t make back its budget is called a flop.

219.                      Focal Length- The focal length is the distance between the camera and the main thing you want the camera to focus. Before a shot, a measurement will be taken.

220.                      Focus- Any image that is not blurry is in focus.

221.                      Footage- Anything that was shot is the footage.

222.                      Forced Perspective- When you make something appear larger or smaller.

223.                      Foreground- Anything that is right in-front of the camera is called the foreground.

224.                      Foreshadowing- Clues sprinkled throughout a movie to indicate that something will eventually happen or be revealed.

225.                      Found Footage- A fictional movie that uses video footage to make the audience feel like it really happened. They tend to be horror movies. They became highly popular after The Blair Witch Project premiered.

226.                      Frame Rate- The amount of times film passes through the camera in a second is called the frame rate. The normal frame rate is 24fps but it can be lower or higher.

227.                      Frame- A frame can, also, be called a still. It is one image from a movie.

228.                      Frat Pack- A term used to describe the low-brow and juvenile humor that was popular in the late-1990s and 2000s. Perhaps the term first came to be coined after Old School came out. Judd Apatow and Todd Phillips were big then.

229.                      Free Cinema (1950s)- A new generation of British documentarians made movies outside of the studio system, which is where the ‘free’ comes from in the movement title. They were shot on lo-fi equipment and were filmed on handheld cameras. They tended to just observe rather than have voiceovers. They showed everyday life in the UK. Many of these directors would go onto making movies in the British New Wave. Key directors: Lindsay Anderson, Tony Richardson, Karel Reisz

230.                      Freeze Frame- A still is kept on screen for a longer amount of time than usual.

231.                      French Impressionism (1919 - mid-1930s)- It was called both French Impressionism and French Avant-Garde. It has a heightened sense of realism by using visual techniques to tell the story and not by using much dialogue. Key directors: Abel Gance, Marcel L’Herbier, Jacques Feyder

232.                      French New Wave (mid-1950s - late-1960s)- Perhaps the most popular movement that influenced most movements afterwards, even, New Hollywood. They (and John Cassavetes) put indie film on the map and proved that anyone can make a movie with the use of any equipment. These directors would go to the Cinémathèque Française day after day seeing older movies from around the world. Some started to write for the Cahiers du cinema as film critics. After a while they started to direct movies of their own. They were influenced heavily by Poetic Realism, Neorealism, and Hollywood. Neorealism didn’t use sound stages and actually used real locations, which is what all of the French New Wavers did. Jean-Luc Godard popularized the jump cut. These movies, often, relied on improv. Handheld cameras were used. Natural light was mostly used. They gave a voice to the youth of the 50s and 60s. A lot of them were more character studies than plot driven. Many had long takes of just talking, driving, or in Truffaut’s case the characters doing some antics. Themes of existentialism were present. Key directors: Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Jacques Rivette, Éric Rohmer, Claude Chabrol, Jacques Rozier

233.                      Fridging- This comes from a Green Lantern comic when a villain murders the hero’s girlfriend and stuffs her in a fridge. As a result, the hero becomes enraged and wants revenge. Since then, it has come to mean when a female character isn’t given any personality or depth and is ultimately killed, tortured, injured, or raped as a plot device for the male character to get some cheap character development. Christopher Nolan loves this ugly trope.

234.                      Fullscreen- Anything that is in the aspect ratio of 4:3.

235.                      Gaffer- The gaffer is the head electrician on set.

236.                      Gate- The gate on a camera is the rectangle metal part that you put the film through so the light from the lens captures the image.

237.                      Gels- A gel is a translucent piece of plastic that tends to be on the thin side. Gels come in different colors and are used to change the color (and/or lighting) of a shot.

238.                      Genre (Label)- If someone says they saw a genre movie, they mean they saw a low-budget horror, action, or martial arts movie.

239.                      Genres- Movies that have similar content get categorized into a thing called a genre. A movie doesn’t have to be just one genre. Animation is not a genre, instead, it is a method used to tell a story without real people or objects. Anime is not a genre, it is animation from Japan.

240.                      German Expressionism (mid-1910s - mid-1930s)- The movement known for exaggerated shadows, angles, and architecture. Every story is either low fantasy, high fantasy, horror, or deals with the criminal underworld. This movement might have even started the plot twist trope. It, also, used symbolism. Themes of the mind were present. Key directors: Fritz Lang, F.W. Murnau, Paul Wegener, Robert Wiene, Paul Leni

241.                      Giallo (1960s - present)- Giallo is Italian for “yellow”. Pulp horror, mystery, and crime novels are printed on yellow paper back in Italy. The style of this movement is influenced by these pulp stories and blends them together. Several of these directors have been influenced by Alfred Hitchcock and Terence Fisher, as well. It has become less of a movement and more of a subgenre for something you’d find at an Italian grindhouse theatre. While each director has their own style, you’ll usually find a very rich use of color and lighting. A lot of gore, sex, nudity, and slasher elements are present. Key directors: Mario Bava, Dario Argento, Lucio Fulci, Sergio Martino, Umberto Lenzi, Massimo Dallamano

242.                      Golden Age of Animation (1928 - 1967)- The time when animated shorts were successful and the first full length animated features were made in America. Disney, Looney Tunes, Hanna-Barbera, Fleischer Brothers, Woody Woodpecker, and Rocky & Bullwinkle all were successful.

243.                      Golden Age of Hollywood/Classic Hollywood/Old Hollywood (1934 - mid-1960s)- When Hollywood was run like a machine. Warner Brothers, RKO, MGM, Fox, and Paramount ruled almost everything. Columbia, United Artists, and Universal were smaller studios. Cast and crew were under heavy contracts. Every movie had to follow the Hays Code. The movie industry even made profits during The Great Depression. It all ended due to the changing times of the 1960s and because of Europe already allowing nudity and sex in their movies. The Hays Code was on its last legs in the late-50s, so, as a result a rating system was created and this ended the Golden Age.

244.                      Golden Age of Porn (1969 - 1984)- At one time, going to see a porno at a theatre was common in America. Deep Throat was made famous during this time because of its involvement in the Watergate scandal. Things changed when VHS became popular and this era came to a close. Key directors: Radley Metzger, Gerard Damiano, Mitchell Brothers

245.                      Golden Age of Television (1940s - 1950s)- When TVs started to appear in people’s homes. Most shows during that time were filmed plays. Things changed when westerns and science fiction started to become the things people wanted to see.

246.                      Greek Weird Wave (2009 - 2016)- Leave it to the Greeks to come-up with a bizarre film movement as a result of an economic crisis. Human characters don’t do normal things and a lot of things feel detached. Morality goes out the window. Directors of this movement use surrealism, symbolism, and allegory to get their themes across without any use of sentimentality. Key directors: Yorgos Lanthimos, Panos H. Koutras, Athina Rachel Tsangari, Yannis Economides

247.                      Green Screen- A green screen is a background sheet in a scene that renders images lighter than a blue screen because green reflects more light off of itself than blue. Green screens are used more for showing day scenes.

248.                      Greenlight- When you have the greenlight from a studio, you are able to make your movie.

249.                      Grindhouse- Not really a genre but the name of any movie theatre that places genre style movies.

250.                      Gross- The amount that a movie makes is its gross.

251.                      Groupe Dziga Vertov (1968 - 1972)- Named after a Soviet director, this was Jean-Luc Godard’s most inaccessible period. Godard and Jean-Pierre Gorin were the main members. It is heavy on using Brechtian techniques. Godard’s Marxist views are on full view. One of these movies is a 50-minute essay with Godard and Gorin talking about Jane Fonda in Vietnam with just one still on screen the whole time.

252.                      Grupo Cine Liberación (late-1960s – early-1970s)- Known as “The Cinema Film Group” in English, this was a reaction to Juan Carlos Onganía’s dictatorship and his clamp down on art forms. Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getina really wanted an Argentina filled with socialist ideals and a free exchange of ideas. The directors had to create their movies in an underground way. Some of the directors had to flee the country while others saw their work heavily censored. The biggest movie in this movement was The Hour of the Furnaces, which was a long documentary about the way of life during the time of Juan Perón as president and the aftermath of his exile as well as people rising-up in other countries against their governments. Key directors: Fernando Solanas, Octavio Getina, Gerardo Vallejo, Enrique Juárez

253.                      Hammer- A studio in the UK that made horror movies.

254.                      Handheld Shot- The camera is in the hands of a person and not on a tripod.

255.                      Hawksian- Named after the style of Howard Hawks. His speed of said dialogue and use of strong, independent women has had a major effect on cinema and directors.

256.                      Hays Code- In 1934, a code was fully enforced. It was named after the then head of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), Will Hays. No sex, nudity, or profanity was permitted. Kisses had to be only three seconds or less. You couldn’t show a bullet hitting a person directly. While it started to become less of a thing in the late-50s, it didn’t fully stop until the establishment of a rating system that started in 1968.

257.                      HD- High-Definition has a very rich, quality image.

258.                      Heimatfilm (1950s - 1960s)- “Heimat” means “homeland” in English. This movement wanted to take a romantic view of the landscape and reminisce of what life was life before WWII. This movement covered all German-speaking countries.

259.                      Helicopter Shot- It is a type of aerial shot to create a wide shot.

260.                      High Angle- When an overhead shot looks down on a person or object.

261.                      High-Definition- Any pixel of 720 and above has a clear image.

262.                      High-Fidelity- Any electronic equipment that has clear sound quality.

263.                      Hitchcockian- A movie that uses suspense and thrills like that of Alfred Hitchcock’s work.

264.                      Hitting The Mark- When an actor hits where they are supposed to be is called ‘hitting the mark’. The mark is sometimes yellow tape on the ground.

265.                      Holding- Holding is where everyone stays while not on set.

266.                      Homage- When a movie references another.

267.                      Hong Kong 1st New Wave (1978 - mid-1980s)- TVs became popular in the 70s in Hong Kong, so, the film industry gave their money to a new generation of directors to try to compete. Hong Kong is much more liberal than mainland China, so, the directors could make whatever they wanted. The directors all have different styles in this movement, though. Key directors: Tsui Hark, Ann Hui, Patrick Tam, Yim Ho, Allen Fong

268.                      Hong Kong 2nd New Wave (late-1980s - 2000)- A new crop of directors had to work more within the studio systems since financial elements changed within the film industry in the mid-1980s. These directors could still create what they wanted but within reason of a budget. Key directors: Wong Kar-Wai, John Woo, Stanley Kwan, Fruit Chan, Mabel Cheung

269.                      Hungarian New Wave (1960s – early-1970s)- Hungarian directors made it known what they thought about life under communist rule. Many themes of revolution are shown. Key directors: Miklós Jancsó, Zoltán Huszárik, István Szabó

270.                      Hyperlink- Movies that have multiple storylines and each one has a butterfly effect on the characters.

271.                      IMAX- An IMAX movie is a high-definition print with a very, tall aspect ratio of about 1.90:1.

272.                      In-Camera Editing- When a director shoots the scenes as they appear right after each other in the script leaving little to be done in post.

273.                      Inciting Incident- The inciting incident is the thing that sets the plot in motion.

274.                      Insert Shot- Anything special that is suddenly the focus of the scene.

275.                      Intercut- An editing technique used to have two or more events happening at different locations at the same time. The editor keeps alternating between them.

276.                      Interlude- Any break is an interlude.

277.                      Iranian Second Wave (1980 - present)- After the revolution, directors continued where they left off from the first new wave. Some consider this movement more poetic. Panahi, Majidi, and Farhadi come a little later into the movement. Key directors: Abbas Kiarostami, Mohsen Makhmalbaf, Bahram Beizai, Jafar Panahi, Majid Majidi, Asghar Farhadi

278.                      Israeli New Sensitivity (1960s - 1970s)- Directors of Israel were influenced by the French New Wave to create their own new movement by having their own social themes present. Key directors: Moshé Mizrahi, Uri Zo-har, Ephraim Kishon, Avraham Heffner

279.                      Italian Futurism (1916 - 1919)- A very, short movement that, sadly, we only have one film not lost from it called Thaïs. The art direction is striking with its use of spirals and lines in almost every frame. A lot of allegorical, symbolism, and figurative visuals are present. This movement went on to influence German Expression and Soviet Montage.

280.                      Italian Neorealism (mid-1940s - mid-1950s)- Started during WWII to show a realistic look at Italy. It was influenced by Poetic Realism. These directors, often, used amateur actors. Nothing was filmed on sound stages. It didn’t shy away from showing poverty and what everyday was like for people during and after the war. Key directors: Vittorio de Sica, Luchino Visconti, Roberto Rossellini, Giuseppe de Santis

281.                      J-Horror- The Japanese love their horror almost as much as they love stories about vengeful spirits. They tend to rely on the supernatural and cerebral techniques. They love to build-up mystery and then shock you. While there have always been horror movies made in Japan, it really became abundant in the late-90s and early 2000s with Ringu, Grudge, Audition, Pulse, and Dark Water.

282.                      Japanese Golden Age (1950s)- Japanese film was becoming successful around the world with movies like Rashomon winning awards in Europe and North America. Keisuke Kinoshita made the first Japanese movie in color. The first kaiju movies were made. Old pros, such as, Mizoguchi and Ozu, were still making great work. The first anime studios opened and Panda and the Magic Serpent was among the first to be shown in theatres there in the late-50s. Key directors: Akira Kurosawa, Kon Ichikawa, Kenji Mizoguchi, Yasujiro Ozu, Mikio Naruse, Masaki Kobayashi, Keisuke Kinoshita, Ishiro Honda, Kaneto Shindo

283.                      Japanese New Wave (1960s - 1970s)- These directors went outside of the Japanese film industry and created their own indie companies so they could make movies that tackled taboo subjects while being experimental. Key directors: Nagisa Ōshima, Shohei Imamura, Seijun Suzuki, Yoshishige Yoshida, Yasuzo Masumura, Masahiro Shinoda, Hiroshi Teshigahara

284.                      Jollywood- Any movie made in the Assamese language of India is called Jollywood.

285.                      Jump Cut- Not started by Jean-Luc Godard but made popular by him, especially, in Breathless. You are watching a scene and suddenly a gap of time is edited out. If you’ve seen any YouTuber making videos, you’ve seen this.

286.                      Jump Scare- A sudden shock in the frame that is intended to scare the audience.

287.                      Jumping The Shark- When a TV show is losing ratings, they sometimes try stupid things to get back its audience. It comes from an episode of Happy Days when Fonzi jumps over a shark in a stunt using water skis.

288.                      Juxtaposition- When you have two or more images and they are comparing or contrasting each other is juxtaposition.

289.                      K-Horror (late-1990s - present)- Korean horror loves to have their characters go through loads of distress and sorrow. Oldboy, Whispering Corridors, I Saw the Devils, The Wailing, Train to Busan, and Bedevilled are popular examples. Kim Jee-woon and Boon Joon-ho are two directors who have made a few, also.

290.                      Kaiju- In English, “kaiju”, means “strange beast”. Any huge creatures that are terrorizing people are kaiju. Watch out for Godzilla, people.

291.                      Kammerspielfilm (1920s)- These are German chamber plays, which take place in very, small rooms with few characters. Key directors: G.W. Pabst, F.W. Murnau

292.                      Keikō-eiga (1920s - 1930s)- A Japanese movement that dealt with themes of opposing nationalism and everyday life in the changing times after WWI. In English, it means “tendency film”. Kenji Mizoguchi got his start during this time.

293.                      Ken Burns Effect- Named after the director, his use of having a photo on screen while a voiceover plays is part of this. It is, also, his zooming in on a point of a photo and then zooming-out so you see the rest of the photo making it seem like the image is moving.

294.                      Key Grip- They are the cinematographer’s assistant.

295.                      Key Light- The key light is the main source of light.

296.                      Kollywood- Any movie made in the Tamil language of India is called Kollywood.

297.                      Korean New Wave (late-1990s - 2000s)- After the 1997 recession that hit some Asian countries, a new generation wanted to make South Korea an exciting place for film. All of these directors had different styles and were, finally, able to make anything they wanted to make. Key directors: Park Chan-wook, Bong Joon-ho, Kim Ki-duk, Woon Kim-jee, Lee Jeong-hyang, Kim Tae-yong

298.                      Korean Recovery (mid-1980s - mid-1990s)- South Korea was still a dictatorship until the early-90s but the country did stop censoring art and allow movies from other countries inside its walls during the 80s. Many films during this time tended to be melodramas about the family, religion, and marriage. Key directors: Im Kwon-taek, Kim Ui-seok, Sun-woo Jang, Chang-ho Bae

299.                      Kubrickian- Anything that resembles Stanley Kubrick’s use of extreme close-ups, symmetry, primary colors, narration, love of bathrooms, tackling of taboo subjects, and tracking shots is Kubrickian.

300.                      Kuleshov Effect- Named after the Soviet director, Lev Kuleshov, it says that a person will understand more of what is going on with the use two images instead of just one. If you just have a bowl then you have no context to it but if you see a hungry person and then an empty bowl then you feel something.

301.                      L.A. Rebellion (1969 - 1989)- African-American graduates from UCLA saw what was happening around them and wanted to make realist movies about race and other problems they face in everyday life. They were all influenced by Italian Neorealism and shunned the old Hollywood stereotypes of African-Americans. Key directors: Charles Burnett, Julia Dash, Larry Clark, Haile Gerima

302.                      LaserDisc- Think of a CD the size of a vinyl. It was the first disc technology to be used in the home. It used analog sound. Its video quality was much better than that of a VHS and lasted longer. It came out in 1978 and was made of aluminum. One reason why it failed was that one side only could hold 60 minutes, so, you had to turn it over to the other side to watch the rest of the movie. Another reason was the cost of a movie on a LaserDisc went around $30 back then!

303.                      Laugh Track- Laugh tracks (or canned laughter) was a sound effect used for sitcoms.

304.                      Leading Man- The actor who has the main part.

305.                      Left Bank (mid-1950s - late-1960s)- The Left Bank movement was somewhat of a subset of the French New Wave. Many of these directors came from writing novels and filming documentaries beforehand. They put those ideas in their work as well as some experimentation. Key directors: Agnes Varda, Alain Resnais, Marguerite Duras, Alain Robbe-Grillet, Chris Marker

306.                      Leitmotiv- A recurring musical cue for a character is an example.

307.                      Lens Flare- A source of light hits the lens of a camera and reflects into a shot. J.J. Abrams lives for these for a reason only he understands.

308.                      Letterboxing- Letterboxing is when you take a movie that was shot in widescreen for a rectangular movie screen and try to fit it onto the more square TV. The black bars are at the top and bottom as a result.

309.                      Licensed Music- If you want to use a song that has a copyright than you must pay royalties to use that song.

310.                      Lo-Fi- It is short for low-fidelity. Any electronic equipment that is old or cheaply made, which turns-out rubbish sound.

311.                      Lollywood- Any movie based in the city of Lahore, Pakistan, is called Lollywood.

312.                      Looping- When you are looping something, you want to sync sound with the image.

313.                      Lost Film- A lost movie is probably no longer in existence anymore. Most silent are considered lost due to the nitrate in the film stock and film degrades over time.

314.                      Low Angle- When the camera is almost to the ground and looks up.

315.                      Low Fantasy Vs. High Fantasy- Low fantasy takes place in a world that seems like it could be on Earth but has a little bit of fantasy elements and/or maybe is dystopian. High fantasy takes place in whimsical worlds with lots of fantasy elements.

316.                      Lynchian- Named after the style of David Lynch. His use of juxtaposition of the dullness of life with violence, the surreal, and dreams are present. The term is often used incorrectly to just mean anything that is surreal or dreamlike.

317.                      MacGuffin- Made popular by Alfred Hitchcock, it’s an object that moves the plot along but is almost always forgotten about or has little meaning to the whole story after a while. The money in Psycho is an example.

318.                      Magic Hour- Many directors seek this time of day because the sky is pretty. It’s the time when the sun goes down or when the sun goes up.

319.                      Mainstream- Anything that is popular.

320.                      Malayalam New Generation (2011 - present)- A new wave of Mollywood. New techniques are used, such as, hyperlink storylines, non-linear storylines, more movies are set in cities, electronic music, and greater roles for women.

321.                      Male Gaze- The act of filming a woman in such a way that it looks erotic and sensual. Done for men to fantasize over.

322.                      Manic Pixie Dream Girl- It is a female character who is just there to teach the male character about himself without anyone getting to know her. She is, often, played as a cute, free-spirit and what the male character wants in a romantic partner. This trope was in a lot of American movies made in the 2000s.

323.                      Mary Sue- A character who has no flaws and can do anything.

324.                      Masala Film- These are the ones that people tend to picture when they think of Indian cinema. Any movie that mixes more than one genre is called “masala film”. A lot of them have musical numbers mixed with melodrama, action, and/or comedy. It is named ‘masala’ since that dish uses a mixer of species.

325.                      Match Cut- One scene cuts to another but are matched in a certain way. The classic example is in 2001: A Space Odyssey when the monkey throws up a bone and then we see a spaceship that is shaped like the bone.

326.                      Matinee Idol- Not used much anymore but a matinee idol is a handsome actor.

327.                      Matinee- A movie played early that is at a lower ticket price.

328.                      Matte Painting- An artist has painted something for it to be used in a shot to look like the real thing.

329.                      Melodrama- A movie that has a high amount of sentimentality. Just because a movie is a melodrama doesn’t mean it is bad.

330.                      Meta- When a movie references itself or references something that really happened to an actor in their life.

331.                      Method Acting Vs Persona Acting- There are actors who have made a persona of themselves to show on screen and play off that, while others want to inhabit roles and play a variety of characters by not playing off a persona.

332.                      Mexican Golden Age (1930 - 1954)- The time when Mexico became the hottest spot in the Americas for Spanish-language movies. Sergei Eisenstein and Luis Buñuel were enticed to make movies there. Things changed when TV sets started to become common in homes. Key directors: Emilio Fernández, Fernando de Fuentes, Ismael Rodríguez

333.                      Mexploitation (1990s)- This Mexican genre mixed westerns, drugs, crime, sex, and guns in guitar cases. Robert Rodriguez got his start here.

334.                      Mid-Atlantic Accent- It is a fake way of speaking that blends American and British way of talking. Almost every actor in the Golden Age of Hollywood spoke this way. Kelsey Grammar is, maybe, the only one who still speaks this way outside of news anchors.

335.                      Mid-Credit Sequence- A break in the credits happens and a scene is shown.

336.                      Mini-Series- A TV show that was always set to have a limited number of episodes.

337.                      Miniatures- Using models to create some sort of forced perspective.

338.                      Mise-en-scène- Is French and in English it means the “setting in a scene”. It takes into account all that you see in the composition of a scene. The props, costumes, make-up, actors, effects, lighting, and sound all go into the image that you see while watching a movie. The mise-en-scène of 12 Angry Men is everything in the one room.

339.                      Mo lei tau- Any comedy from east Asia that is a period piece but has deliberate anachronisms. Think of Stephen Chow comedies.

340.                      Mockumentaries- A satire or parody movie that uses documentary-like styles to mock.

341.                      Mollywood- Any movie made in the Malayalam language of India is called Mollywood.

342.                      Mono Vs Stereo Sound- Mono sounds only uses one channel of audio while stereo uses two.

343.                      Monochrome- Anything shown in one color.

344.                      Montage- A montage is a concise sequence of shots to show the passage of time.

345.                      Motif- A motif is something that is repeated for a purpose.

346.                      Mumblecore (early-2000s – late-2010s)- A continuation of the American independent movies. It uses John Cassavetes’ work as a template. This movement is about the everyday lives of middle-class Gen X and Gen Y in a slice of life style that wants to stripe film down to the most natural aspects of life even by using speech that a person would have in real life with all the “umm”’s and non-heightened speech that is usually present in film. Some of these directors don’t even script out scenes and let actors improvise scenes. Most characters are white ne’er-do-wells who don’t know what they want. Most of these movies don’t use any kind of music. Key directors: Mark Duplass, Lynn Shelton, Andrew Bujalski, Lena Dunham, Alex Ross Perry

347.                      Narrative Vs Non-Narrative- The elements that make up a fictional story is its narrative. Non-narrative movies are non-fiction, documentaries, or experimental.

348.                      Natural Light- The use of fire, sun, moon, or candles for the scene.

349.                      Nazisploitation (1970s - 1985)- Many of these movies use the women in prison subgenre but add more depravity to it by placing people in Nazi camps. Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS is the most successful of this.

350.                      Negative Vs Positive Space- Negative space is anything you see in the frame that is not an object or living thing. Positive space is an object and/or a living thing.

351.                      Neo-Noir- The original era of film noir came to end with Touch of Evil in 1958. Any movies made in the noir style after that fits this. Chinatown is a neo-noir.

352.                      New Argentine Cinema (1990s - 2000s)- Argentina stopped being a dictatorship and as a result a new band of directors who were free to speak their mind through film were born. Each director had their own style. The only thing that really ties them together is showing what everyday life was like for people in Argentina. Key directors: Lucrecia Martel, Lisandro Alonso, Martín Rejtman, Adrián Caetano, Pablo Trapero

353.                      New Chilean Cinema (1960s - 1990)- A group of like-minded liberals made movies about the social issues of the day using realism. When a coup happened in 1973, many of them left Chile but still made movies about life there. This movement ended when Augusto Pinochet was defeated by Patricio Aylwin. Key directors: Raúl Ruiz, Patricio Guzmán, Miguel Littín, Aldo Francia

354.                      New French Extremity (late-1990s - present)- A new horror subgenre appeared in France in the 90s. It took ideas from David Cronenberg’s body horror. It has torture, extreme violence, and exploitation. Movies: High Tension, Martyrs, Raw, Inside, Them, Frontier(s), Rape-Me. Key directors: Gaspar Noé, François Ozon, Philippe Grandrieux, Claire Denis, Bruno Dumont

355.                      New German Cinema (mid-1960s - 1982)- This is a rather loose group of directors since they don’t really have similar styles. They just were all dissatisfied with the movies that were being made in Germany after WWII, so, they decided to create their own. It ended when Fassbinder died. Key directors: Werner Herzog, R.W. Fassbinder, Wim Wenders, Volker Schlöndorff, Margarethe von Trotta, Hans-Jürgen Syberberg, Alexander Kluge

356.                      New Hollywood/American New Wave (mid-1960s - early-1980s)- This started around the time that the American rating system started. For the first time, American directors could make movies with any themes they wanted as well as use realistic violence, sex, nudity, and profanity. Many studios just gave directors carte blanche, which in the end killed this movement since movies like Apocalypse Now and Heaven’s Gate bombed. Jaws started the whole blockbuster phenomenon. Star Wars changed special effects forever.

357.                      New Iranian Cinema (mid-1960s - 1979)- These movies depicted realistic life in Iran. They weren’t afraid to get political. It ended with the 1979 revolution. Key directors: Darius Mehrjui, Sohrab Shahid-Saless, Hajir Darioush, Ebrahim Golestan

358.                      New Nigerian Cinema (2006 - present)- This is their second Golden Age as it is sometimes called “New Nollywood”. Nigeria saw the mistakes that were made in the Video Boom and made sure to do everything professionally. Nigeria has become one of the most successful countries film-wise.

359.                      New Objectivity (early-1920s - 1933)- These German movement didn’t have the fantastical nature of Expressionism and, instead, wanted a more grounded, real view of Germany. It ended when the Nazi Party became prevalent. Key directors: G.W. Pabst, Phil Jutzi, Slatan Dudow

360.                      New Queer Cinema (mid-1980s - late-1990s)- This movement came to be as a result of Reagan being president and him not really doing anything for the LGBTQ, especially, during the AIDS crisis. Indie movies started to be made with non-stereotypical LGBTQ characters. LGBTQ characters were now in the mainstream for the first time with themes of what LGBTQ people have to deal with everyday. Paris Is Burning was a landmark during this movement, which was a documentary about people of every race, orientation, and creed dancing at NYC clubs. Key directors: Todd Haynes, Gus Van Sant, Gregg Araki, Cheryl Dunye, Derek Jarman

361.                      Nickelodeon- A portmanteau of ‘nickel’ and ‘odeon’. A nickel is what movie theatres used to charge for a ticket and ‘odeon’ comes from the Greek places where concerts were held. Early movie theatres were called this. Player pianos were, also, called this. As well as jukebox-like machines that charged a nickel and allowed you to see movie shorts.

362.                      Nigerian Golden Age (late-1950s - 1980s)- Started with Nigeria’s independence. Many theatres were built and studios were created to produce movies. It went out of favor due to economic and political troubles in the 80s.

363.                      Nigerian Home Video Boom (1990s - 2005)- This was the time of the amateur. Most of these movies went straight-to-video. Even though, many cast and crew members had no idea what they were doing, it was still a successful time for film in Nigeria.

364.                      Nitrate- A flammable plastic that was used to film on until the 1950s.

365.                      No Wave (1976 - 1983)- They took what Richard Hell said in “Blank Generation” and ran with it. A New York City movement that saw directors making movies that are very cynical and pessimistic. These directors made indie movies on lo-fi equipment. It came to an end when Jarmusch became famous. Key directors: Jim Jarmusch, Susan Seidelman, Bette Gordon, Lizzie Bordon

366.                      Nollywood- Nollywood is what they call their film industry in Nigeria. It’s a play on Nigeria and Hollywood.

367.                      Nonlinear Vs Linear- Nonlinear has the sequence of events out of order. Linear has them all in order.

368.                      Novísimo Cine Chileno (Brand New Chilean Cinema) (2000s-present)- A new generation of directors have had success. This is more a loose title given to the newer movies coming out of Chile.

369.                      Nudie-Cuties- Banning of nudity in the Golden Age of Hollywood started to loosen-up in the 50s but they had to be nudist camp movies because there was no sex involved. No real close-ups of genitalia. In 1959, Russ Meyer, made the first non-nudist American movie with nudity since the Pre-Code Era. Hershell Gordon Lewis and Meyer made movies with nudity that were able to be shown in theatres. These movies really helped end the Hays Code.

370.                      Nuevo Cine Mexicano (early-1990s - present)- “New Mexican Cinema” is a return success for the Mexican industry. Robert Rodriguez, Alfonso Cuarón, Alejandro González Iñárritu, and Guillermo del Toro all made their mark in the 90s with Carlos Reygadas coming a little later.

371.                      Nunsploitation (1970s)- A pretty, self-explanatory subgenre that was popular in the 70s. Some of these movies would take place in the past with women thinking about sex while others would have nuns killing people. This was an outlet for a lot of LGBT themes with the main characters realizing they were lesbians.

372.                      Objective vs Subjective- Objectivity means having no emotions attached to it. Art is seen as subjective since everyone brings their own opinions to it. There is no piece of art that everyone will agree is perfect.

373.                      Ollywood- Any movie made in the Odia language of India is called Ollywood.

374.                      Open-Ended- A story element that is not tied-up and is left for the audience to ponder at the end of a movie.

375.                      Opening Crawl- When words are scrolled up and down. George Lucas took it from the early Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers serials and put it in Star Wars.

376.                      Oscar Bait- Movies made to just win awards. The Academy of Motion Pictures loves certain kinds of movies such as biographies, people dying, and people who have some type of disability.

377.                      Ostern- The Soviets wanted their own version of the western genre and, so, they created the ostern genre.

378.                      Outtakes- Anything that is not in the theatrical cut but was shot during production.

379.                      Over-The-Shoulder Shot- The camera shoots over one person’s shoulder.

380.                      Ozploitation (1970s - 1980s)- The movies that are examples of exploitation that belong to the larger Australian New Wave go here. Loads of sex, horror, people almost dying from car stunts, and people doing martial arts were present. Alvin Purple, The Man from Hong Kong, Patrick, Roadgames, Mad Max, Next of Kin, and Razorback all belong to this crazy movement.

381.                      Pacing- The pace of a movie is the tempo.

382.                      Pan & Scan- You have letterboxed a movie to fit onto a TV set but you chop off the sides of the frame and/or chop off the top or bottom of a frame. A highly controversial thing to do.

383.                      Pan- Panning the camera is when you move it left or right.

384.                      Panavision (Marketing Term)- Used for, mostly, epics during the late 50s and early 60s. This used 65 millimeter and 70 millimeter film. The camera could get extreme wide shoots with this film. An expensive film to produce because it allowed for widescreen to happen in the camera in an era when widescreen wasn’t the norm. The camera had to have special lens, as well. The aspect ratio of this is 2.20:1. Quentin Tarantino has since used it for The Hateful Eight.

385.                      Paparazzi- People who go around looking to take photos or video of famous people. It is named after a character in La Dolce Vita.

386.                      Parallel Cinema (1950s - 1990s)- Directors from West Bengal who were influenced by Neorealism to create low budget movies that were very true-to-life. Some themes addressed were corruption, the chaste system, nepotism, capitalism, and politics. These movies used almost no singing or dancing. A lot used amateur actors. They tended to be shot in rural areas. Key directors: Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinal Sen, Mani Kaul, Adoor Gopalakrishnan

387.                      Parody- A parody (or spoof) is a form of comedy that uses an existing work and pokes fun at it. Airplane! makes fun of all the 70s disaster movies.

388.                      Pathos- Pathos is when you feel for a character.

389.                      Peplum (1958 - 1965)- Also known as, sword-and-sandal, these movies were about Hercules, or about ancient Greece or Rome, or about the Middle Ages, or The Bible. These movies were made in Italy and are not too fondly remembered. The word ‘peplum’ comes from a type of garment that was worn by women in ancient Greece and Rome.

390.                      PGA- The Producer’s Guild of America is a union.

391.                      Pilot- Before a show gets on TV, a pilot is created to see if the studio likes it enough to make it a full series.

392.                      Pink (1960s - 1980s)- Pink movies are Japanese exploitation movies that have lots of nudity and sex. There is a mini-subgenre inside this called “pinky violence” that involves strong women getting revenge on other characters. Key directors: Koji Wakamatsu, Shunya Itō

393.                      Pitch- A person is interviewed by a studio and shows them the treatment for a movie idea they have.

394.                      Pixels- Every image is composed of a pixel. If an image has an ultra-low amount of pixels, the eye can’t really make it out. The more pixels, the sharper the image. There are TVs that can show movies with 720 pixels and 1080 pixels, today.

395.                      Pixilation- A stop-motion technique using actors instead of animation.

396.                      Plot Device- A character, object, or event that is just in the story to move the plot a certain way.

397.                      Plot Hole- The rules of the world within a movie are made and then something breaks these rules with no explanation.

398.                      Plot Point- A plot point is when something significant happens and changes the story.

399.                      Plot Twist- A surprise that you didn’t expect has suddenly happened.

400.                      Plot- The sequence of events that drive the story.

401.                      Poetic Realism (1930s - 1940s)- It striped down the heightened realism of Impressionism to show what life really was like for people, especially, the poor and middle class. It was one of the first movements to have realistic characters, settings, and narratives. It had characters who were doing illegal or morality wrong things and know that it cost them in the end. Characters dream about the past and have become bewildered in the present. The ‘poetic’ part comes when talking about the realistic look of the movies. These movies had some of the first musical scores. Key directors: Jean Renoir, Marcel Carné, Julien Duvivier, Jean Vigo

402.                      Polish Film School (1956 – early-1960s)- The Polish October saw a thaw and changed life somewhat for the better. As a result, a new generation of directors started to make movies with themes of what it means to live in Poland and to fight for it (during and after WWII). Themes of the individual were present as they disliked Socialist Realism. It ended due to Munk dying in a traffic accident and things becoming more censored in Poland. Key directors: Wojciech Has, Andrzej Munk, Jerzy Kawalerowicz, Andrzej Wajda

403.                      Poliziotteschi (1960s - 1970s)- A host of B-movies came out in Italy in the 1960s and 1970s about crime, the mafia, anti-heroes, and corruption. In English, it means “related to police”. Key directors: Carlo Lizzani, Elio Petri, Fernando di Leo, Enzo Castellari

404.                      Pornochanchada (late-1960s - 1980s)- Any Brazilian sex comedy goes here.

405.                      Portuguese Golden Age (1930s - 1940s)- Some of these directors wanted to create realism while others created musicals and comedies. This was the first real successful period for cinema in Portugal. Key directors: Manoel de Oliveira, Ribeirinho, António Filipe Lopes Ribeiro, José Cottinelli Telmo, José Leitão de Barros

406.                      Post-Production- The movie has finished being shot. Any special effects are added at this time. Editing is being done. Sound mixing and sound editing are being done.

407.                      POV Shot- A point of view shot is a first person shot. It shows where one person is looking.

408.                      Practical Effects- Anything you can touch is practical.

409.                      Pre-Code Hollywood (1927 - 1934)- These movies are known for their themes of sex, LGBTQ+, feminism, and drugs. If it was a taboo subject, they would cover it. Some did this to a point of exaggeration. Some even had brief glimpses of nudity. There was no subtext during this era. The Story of Temple Drake had themes of rape and sexual slavery. A lesbian dance was in The Sign of the Cross. Those two and others really made the Catholic Church want to police Hollywood and they did when the Hays Code really took effect in July of 1934, which restricted many things deemed immoral at the time.

410.                      Pre-Production- The movie has been greenlit. The movie is now being written. The crew is being hired. The locations are found. The budget is being finalized. The sets are being built. Actors are being cast.

411.                      Principal Actor- Any actor who has lines or was cast (a non-extra) is a principal actor.

412.                      Principal Photography- When the movie is being shot. The movie is in production.

413.                      Print- A film print is a copy made from the master for it to be distributed.

414.                      Pro Assistant- The PA is a person who is in charge of the extras and are there to assist the crew and actors.

415.                      Product Placement- To use a company’s product in a movie, you need to have their consent. Any real product that you see in a movie is product placement.

416.                      Production Design- The props and sets are part of the production design.

417.                      Projectionist- A person at the theatre who plays the movie.

418.                      Prop Director- They are responsible for all of the props.

419.                      Prop- A prop is any object within a shot.

420.                      Protagonist- The protagonist is the character that is the main focus of the story. Usually is the ‘hero’ of the story.

421.                      Psychological Thrillers- A thriller that deals with the mental issues and motives of a murderer (or would be murderer) fits this.

422.                      Public Access- A TV channel where anyone can put their program on it. PBS is a public access channel, which gets money from donations and grants.

423.                      Public Domain- A movie that has no copyright. Everyone owns this and no one has to pay anyone money to enjoy it.

424.                      Rape/Revenge- A horror subgenre that emerged in the 1970s where a character was raped and then the victim would kill or injure their rapists.

425.                      Rat Pack- Originally a group of musicians who later ventured into film as actors. No one knows for sure how the term “Rat Pack” came to be. Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop were the main members. Ocean’s 11 is their most popular work.

426.                      Read Through- A studio will get all of the cast together to read the whole script together, which is called the ‘read through’.

427.                      Real Time- The show, 24, takes place over 24 hours and has no time skips, therefore, it is in real time.

428.                      Realism- Anything that is reminiscent of everyday life.

429.                      Rear Projection- The scene is shot in-front of a transparent screen. An image will be added to the screen in post-production. This was used a lot in the Golden Age of Hollywood. The originally King Kong uses this as well as the classic scene in North by Northwest with the crop duster.

430.                      Reboot- A remake that creates its own new canon.

431.                      Red Herring- A red herring is usually an object that throws you off the trail of who did a murder.

432.                      Reel- A cylinder attached to a wheel of plastic on each side of it. The film gets rolled onto it.

433.                      Reshoot- A reshoot is done for a number of reasons. It is when actors are brought back when the movie is in post-production to act out the same scenes or new scenes.

434.                      Resolution- When everything in the movie is resolved and comes to a conclusion.

435.                      Reveal- A secret is suddenly known or shown.

436.                      Rigger- A person that deals with heavy equipment on set.

437.                      Rising Action- The rising action is the moment right before the climax when everything comes to a head.

438.                      Road Movies- A genre where a character or a group of characters go on a road trip. Many characters in these are escaping something or trying to find themselves.

439.                      Roadshow- The act of opening a movie in limited cities at first and then branching out.

440.                      Roll Of Film- Before digital, people had to put a roll of film in a camera and get them taken to a darkroom so that the photographer could carefully make prints of what you shot with the camera.

441.                      Roll Playback- It is what the director says for the sound crew to put on the sound right before the start of a take.

442.                      Romanian New Wave (early-2000s - present)- A highly realistic movement that is almost docudrama-esque. These movies often use pitch black humor, long framed shots, and have an everyman in a harsh world. Some are set in the 80s during the time when Romania was having its revolution and, thus, have themes resulting from that turbulent era. Key directors: Cristi Puiu, Corneliu Porumboiu, Cristian Mingiu

443.                      Rotoscope- An animator traces over live-action scenes and animates over the scenes. A Scanner Darkly uses this.

444.                      Rough Cut- This comes after the assembly cut. The assembly cut is watched by studio people and then notes are taken, which becomes the rough cut.

445.                      Running Gag- A running gag is a joke that keeps on being repeated.

446.                      SAG- The Screen Actors’ Guild is a union.

447.                      Sandalwood- Any movie made in the Kannada language of India is called Sandalwood.

448.                      Satire- A satire uses humor to poke fun at a group of people, who are usually the government or rich people. Actors take something from the personality of the person that they are going to make fun of and exaggerate it. The use of irony is, also, used. Stephen Colbert in The Colbert Report was a satire of Bill O’Reilly and his show, The O’Reilly Factor.

449.                      Saturated Vs Desaturated Color- Saturation is the sheer intensity of colors being shown. Desaturation is where the colors look drab and worn-out.

450.                      Schlock- Something that is of low quality is schlock or schlocky.

451.                      Schmaltz- An extreme amount of sentimentality is schmaltz.

452.                      Score- Instrumental music composed that helps get the ideas of a movie across to the audience.

453.                      Scream Queen- A person who has been in a lot of horror movies.

454.                      Screen Test- An actor auditioning on film for a part.

455.                      Screener- People of certain unions get these during the award season. They are the nominated movies.

456.                      Screwball Comedy- After the Hays Code took effect, directors still wanted to make raunchy movies. They would hide topics against the Hays Code in subtext. Screwball comedies tended to be about romance but done in a very sardonic way with a battle of the sexes happening. Preston Sturges and Ernst Lubitsch made a ton of these.

457.                      Sepia- The word comes from the Greek for ‘cuttlefish’ since they tend to be a reddish-brown color. It tends to be used to show the past because it looks like rust.

458.                      Serials- Movies that were shown in parts one at a time every week before the main feature. They were popular from the silent era to around the 1950s.

459.                      Sexploitation (1960s - 1970s)- Do you want to see nudity and sex? Then, this is the subgenre for you. Nudie-Cuties and anything softcore goes here.

460.                      Shaky Cam- The camera keeps moving and/or the scene is edited in such a way that it makes it seem like the camera is making constant sudden movements. Paul Greengrass loves to do this.

461.                      Shelved- When a director, producer, studio is not happy with a movie it gets forgotten about and will probably come out in January or straight-to-video.

462.                      Shooting Schedule- The schedule for what you want to shoot that day.

463.                      Short Vs Feature- A short tends to be less than an hour in length while a feature is longer than an hour.

464.                      Shot-Reverse Shot- One actor is speaking in a frame and then we see a cut to another actor reacting to what the first actor said.

465.                      Sides- The words that an actor is given at an audition.

466.                      Silent Era (1895 – 1927)- For the first 32 years of cinema, there was no sound. You would go see a movie and you’d see musicians playing there live along with the movie. The vast majority of these movies are lost for various reasons: the nitrate, WWII, and people just didn’t care about storing old movies. At the beginning of this era, you had to physically crank the camera, they could only hold one minute of film, and you couldn’t edit. Things started to change around the 1900 when you could edit, cameras could hold more, and the frame rates became better. In 1926, Don Juan used a vinyl that had sounds on it that when played with the movie synced together with it. The first movie to ever have spoken dialogue was The Jazz Singer and Al Jolson said, “You ain’t heard nothin’, yet.". The first movies that had sound where called "talkies".

467.                      Slasher- A hugely popular horror subgenre that took influence from Psycho and Peeping Tom. The villain brutally murders (usually teen) victims one by one until one is left (usually a woman). The one victim that is left battles the villain.

468.                      Slate- The clapperboard (or slate) has the take number, date, and other data on it, so, the editor knows that information in post.

469.                      Sleeper Hit- A movie that stays in the top ten of the box office for a while but never really gets to the number one spot.

470.                      Slice-Of-Life- A look into the everyday life of a character.

471.                      Smash Cut- When an editor suddenly cuts to something completely different.

472.                      Socialist Realism (1930s - 1991)- After the Soviet Montage fell out of favor, a more idealized version of realism emerged in all artforms and lasted until the fall of the USSR. Especially, during the Stalin era, everything had to be propagandized and met certain standards from the Soviet government. Many movies showed people proudly working in fields, while others showed Russians heroically fighting in wars for their Motherland. After Stalin died in 1953, directors were given more freedom to do whatever they wanted but they still had to put communism in a nice light.

473.                      Soft Light Vs Harsh Light- Harsh light creates a lot of shadows while soft light doesn’t.

474.                      Soft Reboot- A reboot that forgives some of the past things in its canon.

475.                      Sound Mixing Vs Sound Editing- Sound editing is the process of finding all the sounds and music that you want to place into a movie. The sound editors do put the sounds and music into the movie to match the images. Sound mixers are the ones that blend the sound together with the dialogue so you can hear both clearly.

476.                      Sound Stage- Sets that are built inside.

477.                      Soundtrack- Any music that has already been recorded to be used in a movie.

478.                      South Korean Golden Age (1960s – early-1970s)- The Korean War was over, so, a new generation of youngsters started to create their own movies with themes of changing times in South Korea. Many movies had feminist themes. It came to an end when the government started to censor art. Key directors: Kim Ki-young, Yu Hyun-mok, Kang Tae-jin, Shin Sang-ok

479.                      Soviet Montage (mid-1910s – early-1930s)- The word “montage” comes the French for “editing”. The technique of this movement was to have a sequence of shots that have constant fast editing, have focus on images rather than words, use of optical devices, crosscutting, juxtaposition to show emotion, and to make the shots have rhythm to them as if almost the movie was a piece of music. In the USSR, it was called Soviet Montage. These filmmakers were the first to try to create poetry with a camera. Key directors: Sergei M. Eisenstein, Dziga Vertov, Aleksandr Dovzhenko, Vsevolod Pudovkin, Lev Kuleshov

480.                      Soviet New Wave (1960s)- Within the Socialist Realism era, there was this short-lived movement when censorship was at its lowest in Soviet cinema. Films could be about people with real life problems and didn’t have to be in an idealized version of the USSR for once. Key directors: Andrei Tarkovsky, Sergei Bondarchuk, Elem Klimov

481.                      Spaghetti Western (1960s - 1970s)- Westerns created in Italy on a shoestring budget. The name is a joke pointing to the budgets being as cheap as a box of pasta. Many actors from elsewhere came to Italy to be in these due to them being at the start of their careers or the end. Ennio Morricone did score many of these movies. Many of these movies were dubbed in English so they could reach a wider audience. Characters from this subgenre are now iconic, such as, Django, Ringo, and Sartana. Key directors: Sergio Leone, Sergio Corbucci, Giulio Petroni, Sergio Sollima

482.                      Spielbergian- Named after Steven Spielberg. These movies have children being the main characters, children doing heroic things, movies that have a child-like wonder, sentimental moments, and have slight science fiction or horror elements.

483.                      Spin-Off- A character from one movie gets popular and stars in their own movie.

484.                      Split-Screen- Two or more images are being shown at the same time and there is a clear divide between the two. No superimposing is occurring.

485.                      Spoiler- A spoiler is when you tell someone what happens in a movie, therefore, spoiling their excitement.

486.                      Squibs- Squibs are very tiny explosives that go off to look like someone has been shot.

487.                      Stakes- The audience is invested in what is coming next because the outcome means a lot to the world of the story, a character, or characters.

488.                      Stand-In- A person who stands in for the principal actor when crew members are setting up a shot.

489.                      Static Shot- The camera doesn’t move so the image is still.

490.                      Steadicam- A kind of camera that doesn’t sit on a normal tripod. The camera operator puts on gear to balance the camera correctly and handles the camera themselves without a dolly. The Steadicam will always stay in focus even during a tracking shot.

491.                      Stinger- A surprise at the end.

492.                      Stock Character- A little different than an archetype in that a stock character is predictable almost to a point of cliché. The ‘damsel in distress’ is an example.

493.                      Stock Shots/Photos/Sounds- Any shot, photo, or sound that has already been edited for regular use. A stock photo or sound may still be under a fee to use.

494.                      Stop-Motion- You create something, move it one way and then film it. You move it more and film it. You keep doing this.

495.                      Story Arc- The story arc is the sequence of events that make-up the plot.

496.                      Story Beat- A story beat is when a sudden shift in tone happens.

497.                      Storyboard- Storyboards are drawn sequences that are created so the crew can block scenes before they are shot.

498.                      Straight Face/Stone Face/Deadpan- To do something without any expression on your face.

499.                      Straight Man- In every duo, they are the ones that set-up the joke so that the other one can finish the joke. The straight man has to be deadpan so the joke can work.

500.                      Straight-To-Video - A movie that doesn’t get a theatrical release and comes straight to the home video market.

501.                      Structuralism (1960s-1970s)- Unlike many movements, this wasn’t confined to one country but USA, Canada, and some of Europe. These directors were tired of the basic narrative formula. Many of these have a camera that is set on one frame for a very long time. Many have some kind of light or loop effect, while others have sound doing one thing that may not match the image and there maybe sounds you hear offscreen. A lot of repetition is used. All of this is supposed to make you think about the movie that you are watching, why you are watching it, think about what is not on screen, and think about what makes a movie a movie. Key direc-tors: Ernie Gehr, Michael Snow, Shirley Clarke, Hollis Frampton, Chantal Akerman

502.                      Stunt Casting- When a person is cast for a part that no one feels they are right for is stunt casting.

503.                      Stunt Double- When an actor isn’t trained to do a screen, the stunt double is brought-in.

504.                      Style Over Substance- This is said when a movie has great atmosphere but lacks in writing.

505.                      Subbing- When a movie is in a foreign language, a language you understand will be shown in the lower portion of the screen. It is, also, called a subtitle.

506.                      Subtext- Any theme or motif that is under the surface.

507.                      Superimposition- An image that is placed onto another.

508.                      Surrealism- Surrealism goes against anything that is rational. Anything that is dream-like or distorted goes into this.

509.                      Suspension Of Disbelief- You accept that Thor is real within the movie you are watching and accept everything that is happening in a given movie. You realize things may not be like real life and you don’t care.

510.                      Symmetry- When one side of the screen matches the other.

511.                      Tagline- A tagline is put on a movie posture to entice interest.

512.                      Taiwanese Black Movies (early-80s)- Brutally, violent rape and revenge movies with strong female characters emerged in Taiwan. They are very, rare now and almost completely forgotten.

513.                      Taiwanese New Wave (1982 - 1990s)- Taiwan tried to compete with Hong Kong movie industry with this movement influenced by Neorealism. It was the first time that realism entered cinema there with themes of what it is to be Taiwanese, changing economics and politics of the time, and the shift of Taiwan to a concrete jungle. Key directors: Hou Hsiao-hsien, Tsai Ming-liang, Edward Yang, Ang Lee

514.                      Take- A take is one scene being filmed.

515.                      Tarantinoesque- If you want your movie to have lots of violence, vulgarity, nonlinearity, and humor than Tarantinoesque is for you.

516.                      Teaser- A teaser is an ad for the upcoming trailer.

517.                      Tech-Noir- The blend of science fiction and film noir fits this. James Cameron started this by even having the words ‘tech-noir’ in The Terminator.

518.                      Technicolor- Technicolor was a process used during the Golden Age of Hollywood to add color to film.

519.                      Telephoto Lens- These lenses make far away things look clear.

520.                      Teleplay Vs Screenplay- A teleplay is more of a barebones screenplay.

521.                      Test Screening- People will sit and watch a movie before it is commercially available and are asked what they felt about the movie to see if the studio needs to change anything in the movie before it gets a theatrical release.

522.                      Thai New Wave (1997 - 2010s)- Thai cinema wasn’t very successful mostly due to a recession that hit some of east and southeast Asian in the 90s. As a response, a new generation of directors wanted to help Thailand make a comeback. The directors had different styles but all wanted to make more expressionistic movies like Rattana Pestonji before them. Key directors: Apichatpong Weerasethakul, Pen-Ek Ratanaruang, Wisit Sasanatieng, Nonzee Nimibutr

523.                      Theatrical Cut- When the editor is satisfied with the cut of a film, it is then finished. This cut is sent to theatres.

524.                      Theme- A theme is a concept or point that a movie wants to get across and tackle.

525.                      Third World Cinema (1960s - 1970s)- Directors of the Argentine movement, Grupo Cine Liberación, started this to show how Latin America, Asia, and Africa could be as popular as America (1st World Cinema) and Europe (2nd World Cinema). It took a very Marxist view. It didn’t want to have American values such as the American Dream of wanting to be rich and didn’t have the suspension of disbelief that most Hollywood movies had. It replaced the French idea of the director being the voice of a movie with a movie being a collection of voices. The movies of the Third World Cinema had almost no special effects and no spectacle but instead used realism. They were made on a shoestring budget. The people in this movement weren’t afraid to film anything and didn’t rely on permits nor worrying about what the government would think. Key directors: Fernando Solanas, Octavio Getina, Glauber Rocha, Thomas Guiterrez Alea, Ousmane Sembene, Kidlat Tahimik

526.                      Thriller- A suspenseful movie that deals with crime.

527.                      Time Lapse- A time lapse is a technique used to show the passage of time.

528.                      Tint Vs Shade- Tinting makes things lighter and shading makes things darker.

529.                      Title Card- The title card (or intertitle) was used in the silent era to show dialogue in its written form.

530.                      Title Sequence- The title of the movie and opening credits are presented over a moving visual.

531.                      Tollywood- Any movie made in the Bengali language of India is called Tollywood. Many movies made in the Parallel Cinema movement belong to this.

532.                      Toronto New Wave (1980s - late-1990s)- A new generation of Canadians made indie movies about various topics. Key directors: Atom Egoyan, Don McKellar, Ron Mann

533.                      Torture Porn- A subgenre in horror that uses an extreme amount of torture and nudity. Has been, also, known as splatter movies and gorno (gore and porn together). While it started decades before the 2000s, it became mainstream during that time with movies like Saw and Hostel.

534.                      Tracking Shot- This shot is when the camera moves and follows something or someone.

535.                      Trailer- The original ones were shown after the movie, so, they ‘trailed’ the movie. They are promotions for an up-coming movie.

536.                      Transition- The movie going from one location to another.

537.                      Treatment- When a studio is interested in an idea, the person writes a treatment that outlines the future movie.

538.                      Trope- A trope is any element used to convey something. A movie being placed in the 60s and having Creedence Clearwater Revival playing for the audience to understand the setting is a trope.

539.                      Trümmerfilm (1946 - 1949)- A German movement that showed the bombed-out aftermath of WWII with narratives that showed the realism of what everyday people were dealing with at that time. Perhaps the greatest example of this was when an Italian director, Roberto Rossellini, made a movie about Germany called Germany, Year Zero. In English, the name of this movement is “rubble film”, which points to the scale of the destruction of German cities.

540.                      Turksploitation (1970s - 1980s)- Movies made in Turkey that, mostly, ripped-off Hollywood movies. Some even used footage from Hollywood movies without getting rights.

541.                      TV Movie- A feature length movie that gets shown on a TV channel instead of movie theatres.

542.                      Typecasting- An actor who keeps getting work for the same type of character. Adam West kept getting offered superhero roles because he played Batman.

543.                      Types Of Film- 8 millimeter film was used in the first home video recorders in the 60s and 70s. 16 millimeter was used more in B-movies, training videos. 16 millimeter was of a higher quality than 8 millimeter. 35 millimeter was of richer quality than both and used in more TV work. 120 millimeter had the best resolution but was not popular since most people were fine with the other millimeters.

544.                      UHF- Originally in America there were three channels (CBS, ABC, NBC). This changed in the 70s when UHF channels began broadcasting content. UHF is an acronym for ‘ultrahigh frequency’. If you changed the channel you may find local channels, sports games, or sitcom reruns. Fox was a UHF channel.

545.                      Ukrainian Poetic Cinema (1960s)- Aleksandr Dovshenko is the ‘father of Ukrainian cinema’ and this movement used his influence to go back to the style of Soviet Realism with emphasis on folklore, symbolism, and surrealism. Sergei Parajanov was a director of this movement.

546.                      Underground- Any movie that isn’t made by a major studio due to having something that would go against social norms is called underground. These movies, often, subvert. Robert Downey, Sr. was an underground director in the 1960s and 1970s.

547.                      Universal Horror- Universal Studios has put out movies with various classic monsters since the silent era. The 1930s was there most popular era.

548.                      Unreliable Narrative- The narrator is telling falsehoods. It can be first reliable but once, say, a plot twist happens the audience changes their minds about this narrator.

549.                      Vamps- A ‘vamp’ was a femme fatale-esque character who used their feminine wilds to seduce men. This stock character was popular during the silent era. The name comes from Theda Bara being called a “vampire” in A Fool There Was.

550.                      Vaudeville- In the 1800s, people would go to these variety shows to be entertained. Many early stars of the silent era were mainstays in vaudeville, especially, the silent comedians.

551.                      VCR- The videocassette recorder revolutionized movies since it was the first time people could watch a movie at home without passing film through reels. They played VHS cassettes and you could tape anything from your TV onto the VHS.

552.                      VHS- VHS’ (video home system) were black cassettes that had film inside. You could record onto to it. Almost every movie ever made was released for it until DVDs made them obsolete.

553.                      Video Nasties- In the UK, the 1970s and 1980s saw the Tories and the church control what was seen by the masses. Much of it was led by Mary Whitehouse, who didn’t see any of the movies she helped ban. The Tories put together a list of movies that they thought were morally bankrupt, which were mostly horror movies. The list always changed and as a result some video stores saw their employees get arrested for having them in stock. It eventually went out of favor.

554.                      View Finder- The place where you look into the camera.

555.                      Vignette- A scene that is meant to stand on its own.

556.                      VOD- Video On Demand changed the way people see content. You can just pull-up a show or movie you want to see and play it right away.

557.                      Voice-Over- A person’s voice that is heard over the image. It, usually, adds narration.

558.                      Walk-On- A glorified extra who gets a brief, bit part.

559.                      Walk-Through- A walk-through is the actors getting a feel for the scene and rehearsing before a take.

560.                      WGA- The Writer’s Guild of America is a union.

561.                      Whip Pan- Anytime the camera just quickly moves and the image becomes blurry as a result is a whip pan.

562.                      Widescreen- Any movie that is shot in the aspect ratio of 16:9.

563.                      Wilhelm Scream- A sound effect that has been used countless times when something bad happened to someone. It is named after a character in The Charge at Feather River.

564.                      Wipe- A wipe is a form of a transition where an edit is made to slide one image into another starting from the right and ending on the right. Akira Kurosawa was a big fan and George Lucas, later, took it for Star Wars.

565.                      Women In Prison- An exploitation subgenre that has been around for hundred years. It, often, deals with women being treated unfairly within the penal system by people of authority and by the end the women get revenge on them. They tend to have a sexual tone to them.

566.                      Workprint- A workprint is any copy of a movie that hasn’t finished being edited.

567.                      Wrap- The end of the day when everyone goes home and/or the end of the whole production.

568.                      Wuxia- Chinese, Hong Konger, or Taiwanese movies that use martial arts with lax laws of physics. They are, usually, set in the past. A lot of swords, sorcery, romance, and royalty are present.

569.                      Yugoslavian Black Wave (1960s - 1970s)- These directors wanted to subvert anything and everything. They rejected realism and wanted to do much more absurdist narratives. They hated the politics of the time and openly criticized the government. This came to an end when the government started censoring art. Key directors: Dušan Makavejev, Živojin Pavlović, Aleksandar Petrović, Želimir Žilnik, Lordan Zafranović

570.                      Z-Movies- This term is for movies that tend to have first time professionals working on it and they have no idea what they are doing. Its budget is even lower than that of a B-movie. Think of Manos: The Hands of Fate for this.

571.                      Zapata Westerns (1960s)- Spaghetti Westerns but set in Mexico. Some Italian directors did this, such as, Sergio Sollima, Sergio Corbucci, and Giulio Petroni.

572.                      Zoom- A zoom is when you make the camera magnify an image or go wide with the image.

 

 

An example of the 180 degree rule. It would cut between Jackson being on stage left and Travolta being on stage right.